Google: The real Skynet?

I wouldn’t be surprised if one day I hear Google has taken over the world or is going to be the ‘Skynet’ or the ‘Supreme Chancellor Palpatine’ of earth. I have heard stories about identity thefts or conspiracy theories like the CIA tapping personal information like bank accounts, phone records and not to mention the number of movies on this theme. Till recently I believed this is possible only for a high profile security agency or for an expert hacker. Only till I saw Google dashboard.
I read about Google Dashboard in a technical article two days back. It says “I already knew that I use a ton of Google services and they know a lot about me, so seeing it all in one place was more entertaining than scary”. I too didn’t expect it to be this scary. When visited the page, I felt like discovering me all over again and found out many thing which I never noticed doing before. Dashboard contain all the information about my Google account, Gmail account, Blogger account, calendar, contacts, docs, finance, social networking, latitude, search/web history, wave and the list goes on and on. Any person who can log in to my Google dashboard can easily get to know me, even more than I know about myself, like my account details , my schedule, my contacts, the documents I was working on, my financial portfolio, my friends, my location and even I do daily in the internet.

Video about Google Dashboard

I also knew that Google ‘knew’ many things about me. But seeing all of it in one location is scary. I know people who store confidential data like their bank account numbers, passwords etc in their Gmail account because they ‘know’ it’s safe and globally accessible. But, all one need is a simple password for your Google account and the consequences can be disastrous. The extra level of protection offered by Google is asking your password, one more time.
On the positive side (for Google lovers), dashboard is one big help. There is now a single place where you can manage all your Google accounts with easiness. Also, it provides a simple solution to find out what we are doing in the internet.
No matter whether you think this is a boon or a curse, it really made me think how much personal information I can safely put in the internet, if I am concerned about my privacy.
Links
http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/11/transparency-choice-and-control-now.html
http://www.google.com/dashboard

Designing a logo

I do bits and pieces of painting/drawing once in a while and I love almost everything that had anything to do with computer graphics. Electronic games are my weakness, but that’s mainly from a user point of view. Other interests are graphics programming, designing etc. Creativity has its own advantages. You can create, destroy or modify almost anything you want. More than that, I like playing God. So I jumped right in to the opportunity to design a new logo for our organization and my logo is selected as the new official logo.
Our organization - ARL - was on the process of revamping its website and the employees were given the choice of coming up with a new logo. We were free to come up with anything. No bounds were there. But it had to be agreeable to others in the lab. The main factors I had to keep in mind when designing a logo was that it should be easily printed on paper (in color, gray scale and black & white) as well as clothes (embroidery), stationery items like mugs, pens, plastic etc. Also the colors should stand the test of time and space (stretching, different media etc).
In the beginning, I was not sure whether I could do it. Finding the starting point was my main challenge. I had to formulate and idea and then start off from there. I kept thinking about it for some time and decided that I will start from where my predecessor stopped - the old logo. My plan was to rebuild the old logo first, may be with minor modifications in phase 1 and then add any new ideas as it comes along my way.

Old Logo

I looked at the old logo and asked myself, what are the key elements in there and what can I do to make them look better. After some thought and discussion with my professor, I decided to concentrate mainly on the following.
1. Make a new earth with glossy surface and a good reflection (inspiration: windows vista aero interface)
2. Make the bubbles, bubblier.
3. Decide whether to retain the waves or not. If retaining, try a different look. (The shell & waves are adaptation from the TMSI (Tropical Marine Science Institute) logo, to which ARL is affiliated to.)
4. New fonts for ‘ARL’.
I started with the earth part. The only tool I have used for the whole process is Adobe Photoshop. (Both ver. 7 and CS4). I searched the net for tutorials for a glossy globe and found this one.
http://www.denisdesigns.com/blog/2009/06/create-a-glowing-globe-icon-in-photoshop/
And that’s from where I started. The result of my first experiment looked like this.
Ok, now that I have a place to start from, I started playing with other factors like the bubbles, fonts, waves etc. Some of the tutorials I have used are given in the reference section. I downloaded custom brushes, fonts etc. My reconstructed logo, with new bubbles and font, but without the waves looked like this.
Ok, phase 1 is over. Now for the next phase, I wanted ideas, something that everyone will notice from the previous logo, at the same time, retaining the key elements of the old logo. That’s when I noticed the color combo of NUS website. Orange, blue and white. That’s from where I got the idea of using different colors. Ok, orange and blue, one of my favorite combos and at the same time, a theme which goes along with NUS website theme also. I had to start the logo all over again. The result looked much better than the green one (from my point of view).
I also had to create the ripples that originate Singapore. For that I found many methods/tutorials, but none was getting close to what I wanted. Then my professor sent me a link to try and voila! It worked. Also it was he who suggested keeping a simple font.
The result of my earlier experiments looked like this.
Another of my experiment with waves and without ripples resulted the following.
I ignored the idea of waves in the beginning itself as I was not able to do a nice work and it’s a bit difficult job and I was too lazy for that.
The above logos were used to collect feedback. Some of the main feedbacks received were, the ‘ARL’ text is not proportionate to the size of the globe, the gradient color scheme is difficult to do embroidery on t-shirts, the ripples are too small, since the ripples are there in the land, it given an impression of tsunami (We wanted the ripples to represent acoustic waves - showing the relation to our research domain) etc.
I redesigned again and came up with the final logo with bigger ripples explicit to the blue region (water) and a bigger single color ‘ARL’.

Final Logo

And that’s how this logo was born. Different versions of logo were made with different sizes, background (alpha channel), color/gray scale etc.
I never thought I will end up with this logo when I started. But when looking back, I feel great about this project. Special thanks for my professor who helped me from the starting point till I finished this project, with valuable advices and suggestions.
Along with the logo, I have also designed a simple map to reach our facility which you can find in the ‘contact’ page in our website. It was real fun making it.

References and tutorials which helped me in designing the logo
Glossy Globe
Bubbles
Text Effects
Ripples

Additional references and tips
Layer Masks
Custom Brushes
ARL
http://arl.nus.edu.sg/twiki/bin/view/ARL/Contact
http://arl.nus.edu.sg/twiki/bin/view/ARL/People
I am not an expert in photoshop, but drop in a comment if you think I can help you with photoshop.

CHOKe - A stateless active queue management scheme for approximating fair bandwidth allocation

I had to do a literature/paper review as part of one of my courses (EE6902 Computer Communication Networks). I selected a queue management algorithm for internet routers which is R. Pan, B. Prabhakar and K. Psounis, “CHOKe: A stateless active queue management scheme for approximating fair bandwidth allocation”, IEEE Infocom 2000. It is a very interesting paper considering the fact that it was published nearly a decade ago. This is one of the very few ideas I have come across and thought, "Why haven't I thought about this before?" I am not attaching the whole paper here (it’s around 20 pages), but the summary part of my paper review. In a nutshell, I my review is “This is an excellent research paper in all aspects such as the organization of the contents, quality and quantity of the content. One can easily deduce both by reading the paper and by looking at the later works that are based on this paper, that this paper is the result of an extensive and painstaking research and also an important milestone in this field.”

1. Introduction
Congestion control has always been a topic of interest among network designers and engineers. This paper proposes a simple and elegant method of implementing congestion control in internet routers which incorporates both fairness and simplicity. The main motivation behind this work is the need for a simple stateless algorithm that can achieve flow isolation and/or approximate fair bandwidth allocation for internet routers.
The authors start off by presenting the difference between responsive and unresponsive flows and different models for congestion control. During the time of congestion in a router, a responsive flow (TCP based) adjusts its rate automatically where an unresponsive flow (UDP or a bad TCP implementation), will be impassive to the conditions in the router and aggressively use up more bandwidth than responsive flows. This shows the need for fairness while choosing a packet to keep/drop during the time of congestion.
The models for congestion control fall broadly in to two categories. 1. Scheduling algorithms and 2. Queue management algorithms. The scheduling algorithms drop packets depending on the state information of each flow stored locally and therefore results in a fairer bandwidth allocation. But they are expensive to implement in terms of computational complexity and storage required and naturally doesn’t scale well. Various implementations are Fair Queue (FQ), Core Stateless Fair Queuing (CSFQ), and Stochastic Fair Queuing (SFQ). The queue management algorithms are stateless and are simple to implement at the expense of fairness. The main algorithm in this category is Random Early Detection (RED) [2]. Even if RED solves some of the issues with drop tail mechanism, it doesn’t provide fairness among responsive and unresponsive flows. Other variations are RED with penalty box, Flow RED (FRED) etc which requires partial state information and Stabilized RED (SRED) which identified misbehaving flows but doesn’t provide a mechanism to penalize them.
CHOKe (CHOose and Keep for responsive flows, CHOose and Kill for unresponsive flows) proposed here incorporates fairness similar to that of scheduling algorithms while keeping the simplicity of a queue management algorithms. When a packet arrives at a congested router, CHOKe draws a packet at random from the queue and compares it with the arriving packet. If they both belong to the same flow, both are dropped, else the randomly chosen packet is left intact and the arriving packet is admitted in to buffer with a probability of p (calculated in the same way as in RED). 2 main ideas drive the usage of this technique. 1. The likelihood of the randomly chosen packet belonging to a misbehaving flow is high. 2. A packet belonging to a misbehaving flow is more likely to trigger a comparison since they arrive more frequently.

2. CHOKe Algorithm
CHOke marks two thresholds in the FIFO buffer, minth and maxth. The algorithm is self-explanatory from figure 1.

Figure 1: The CHOKe algorithm

In general, one can randomly choose any number of packets from the buffer (drop candidate) for the comparison (m ≥ 1). CHOKe’s performance will increase as m increases especially when there are multiple malicious flows. The selection of value of m can be automated by having any number of intermediate thresholds and choosing different value for m depending on threshold (linearly).
The implementation details are also discussed and showed verbally that only a small overhead is associated in implementing CHOKe as compared to RED.

3. Simulation Results
A standard network configuration is used to test the performance of CHOKe and compare it with RED and Drop Tail mechanisms as their complexities are close to that of CHOKE. The simulation results are presented in 3 parts: single congested link, multiple congested links and multiple congested flows.
As expected, CHOKe outperforms RED and Drop Tail in UDP throughput comparison where the latter 2 doesn’t discriminates against unresponsive flows. The throughput per flow of CHOKe is also shown where the TCP throughput reaches near the ideal fairness values. Other simulation results presented include performance under different traffic loads and queue distribution under different loadings. Similar simulation results are presented for other 2 parts.

4. Analytical Models
In this section, the authors analyze 3 different versions of CHOKe. 1. Original CHOKe, 2. Front CHOKe (drop candidate is always the packet at the head of the queue) and 3. Back CHOKe (drop candidate is always the packet at the tail of the queue). The second and third variations are used because of the difficulty of analysis of the original model.
Both the models assume independent Poisson arrivals and independent exponential service times with a FIFO queuing discipline. The models depend on the PASTA property to arrive at the results. In the case of front CHOKe, the throughput with 1, 2 and 3 flows are calculated from the analytical models and are presented along with the simulation results which are almost identical. In the case of back CHOKe, they use Markov chains to find the stationary distribution, πi. The throughput for various flows calculated from the mathematical model is presented.

5. Conclusion
The paper proposes a packet dropping scheme which is simple to implement and also maintains fair queuing among responsive and unresponsive flows. Simulation and analytical models and results are also presented to support the claims.

6. Reference
[1] R. Pan, B. Prabhakar and K. Psounis, “CHOKe: A stateless active queue management scheme for approximating fair bandwidth allocation”, IEEE Infocom 2000

Airline Maintenance

Here is a nice old joke I dug up from my funny mail forwards collection. I was searching for some old mails and saw this. Couldn’t stop laughing.

Qantas is an airline company based in Australia. After every flight, Qantas pilots fill out a form called a gripe sheet, which conveys to the mechanics problems encountered with the aircraft during the flight that need repair or correction. The engineers read and correct the problem, and then respond in writing on the lower half of the form what remedial action was taken, and the pilot reviews the gripe sheets before the next flight. Never let it be said that ground crews and engineers lack a sense of humor. Here are some actual logged maintenance complaints and problems as submitted by Qantas pilots and the solution recorded by maintenance engineers. By the way, Qantas is the only major airline that has never had an accident.

(P = the problem logged by the pilot)
(S = the solution and action taken by the engineers)

P: Left inside main tire almost needs replacement.
S: Almost replaced left inside main tire.

P: Test flight OK, except auto-land very rough.
S: Auto-land not installed on this aircraft.

P: Something loose in cockpit.
S: Something tightened in cockpit

P: Autopilot in altitude-hold mode produces a 200 feet per minute descent.
S: Cannot reproduce problem on ground.

P: Evidence of leak on right main landing gear.
S: Evidence removed.

P: DME volume unbelievably loud.
S: DME volume set to more believable level.

P: Friction locks cause throttle levers to stick.
S: That's what they're there for.

P: IFF inoperative.
S: IFF always inoperative in OFF mode.

P: Suspected crack in windshield.
S: Suspect you're right.

P: Number 3 engine missing.
S: Engine found on right wing after brief search.

P: Aircraft handles funny.
S: Aircraft warned to straighten up, fly right, and be serious.

P: Target radar hums.
S: Reprogrammed target radar with lyrics.

P: Mouse in cockpit.
S: Cat installed.

P: Noise coming from under instrument panel. Sounds like a midget pounding on something with a hammer.
S: Took hammer away from midget.

Finning with the fishes

“It feels strange the first time. Your mask. Your awkward gear, a bit heavy. You ease into the water and your face slips below the surface, Inhale; the air comes with a reassuring hiss and for the first time, you breathe underwater. In moments you forget your mask. Your equipment transforms to light and agile and you’re free like you’ve never experienced before. With that first underwater breath, the door opens to a different world. And your life will never be the same again. You can see more different species in ten minutes there than in ten hours in the most unspoiled wilderness above water” – excerpt from PADI OPEN WATER DIVER manual intro.

I don’t think I can explain the way I felt when I first descended down to the ocean more accurately. It was on the second week of august that I went for my diving certification trip with gill divers to Tioman islands, Malaysia. When I enrolled for PADI certification, all I wanted was to get to know the sea and after my theory and pool session, I really was looking forward for the dive trip. The only downside was that, I didn’t have any friends to come with me. But, I made some very good friends during that trip and that weekend turned out to be one of the best till date in all aspects. When you dive, you enter a completely different world. There were people from all parts of the world with me for diving - US, Canada, Korea, Indonesia, France etc and everyone was really cheerful. After my first dive I promised myself that once I reach back Singapore, I am going to enroll for the advanced course, and yeah, I did. Officially, I am now a PADI certified open water diver.

As always, this is another photo blog and I believe pictures tell stories in more details than words.
We started our trip on Friday august 14th from Singapore by around 8pm. We crossed Malaysian border, had a nice and long dinner and set out for Mersing to catch our boat to Tioman. (Tioman is an island in Malaysia, one of the most beautiful ones, I will say) Usually we are supposed to be starting from there by 11pm, but that day, there was some problem with the tides and we could start from there only by 1:30am. Reached our resort in Tioman around 3 and fell asleep immediately.

The next day, I woke up to see a beautiful resort which overlooked the sea. But the weather was not that good, it was drizzling. We had our breakfast in the resort in nice cool weather. I didn’t want to go out though. Just wanted to stay there lazing around and enjoy the weather.
The resort we stayed is called the Island Reef Resort and it contains small cottages build around a hilly area.

Finally, we got on our boat and started towards the dive sites. Our instructor, Monica told us to streamline our equipments and get inside our wet suits. Since we were trained all these during the pool session 2 weeks back, it was relatively easy for me. Also I was fortunate enough to have the same buddy – Raline – from my pool session. She is a cool and funny person.

Briefing Session - That’s our instructor – she is one of the coolest teachers I ever had. She told what we were going to do and also the possible fishes and corals we may find there.

After the boat came to a stop, other dive master/instructors – Vijay, Johnny and Gray – went in the water to tie the buoy and rope for us to use for our first dive. Even though I had my underwater camera with me, I didn’t want to take it during my first dive. Also I hadn’t cleaned it properly and Monica showed me some hair strands in the O-ring of the casing.

We descended one by one and had to equalize frequently and I was a bit scared about equalization. But once I was down, it looked awesome. We were holding on to a rope and looking around in amazement. Since it was our first dive, we were in a reasonably deserted place. But there was a small anemone and a couple of clown fishes were there. Also there were some sea cucumbers in the bottom and some corals. A variety of fishes were coming and going from all sides and I was not sure what to do there. After everyone was down and we familiarized with the environment, we demonstrated a couple of skills and by that time our air were running out. We went back on deck.

Lunchtime!

Even if there was not much of moving around, we all thoroughly enjoyed our first dive. We had our lunch in the boat itself while our gas tanks were refilled.

Since I loved being in water and also wanted to try my underwater camera, I simply jumped to water and took some random snaps. Someone was feeding the fishes.
The next 2 dives were the most awesome ones. We finned along corals and rocks, up and down, through schools of colorful fishes and I cursed myself for not taking the camera. By around 5, we were all tired and we back on boat and set our journey back to the main island.

Tioman Island, Malaysia

The beautiful Sunset from the dock. We all became friends by evening and we were happily chattering about all that we have seen on our first day. Before we got to our resort, we stopped at a nearby shop to eat and they made tasty food.
After that the leisure divers who were going for the night dive, left and me and my other open water diver friends left to our cabins and took a bath. Then we came down for the barbeque dinner. By that time the leisure divers were back.

We came down to the beach by 9pm and got ourselves a couple of beers and some snacks and talked for around 2 hours about the first day. The seasoned divers shared their experiences.

The first thing I did next day was to clean up my camera properly with the help of Monica and made sure I am not going to miss anything this time I dive. Thanks to Johnny for taking this shot.

That’s Monica, our instructor. I wonder how she manages to control her buoyancy that well.

That’s a Bridled monocle bream. I had to chase this guy for a bit to get this shot.

I spend some time studying the fish charts after my first 2 dives as I didn’t know any of them. With the help of Monica, I managed to remember the most common fishes. Still I have not find out the names of couple of them.

That’s Raline – my buddy. She was funny, all the time making funny faces when I tried clicking a snap. She was trying to smile or show me something when I was clicking this snap. According to Monica, we both made a good buddy pair. Since I was consuming air fast, she had to check my air regularly.
This little guy was furious at me when I was trying to take this snap as I was interfering with his home. I got lots of shots of clown fish; even one brave clown fish came out of his anemone and danced in front of my camera. When I change the camera direction, he stayed in front of the camera without allowing me to focus on him. I guess he wanted me out of his domain.

A pack of sea urchins. The first day, I didn’t notice the blue color inside the spikes, which looks like their eyes.
A large table coral. According to Monica, this is around 70-100 years old. So we were very careful not to go near them, we didn’t want to destroy them as our buoyancy control was not that good.

That’s an eight banded butterfly fish. I saw all sorts of butterfly fish there.

We finned through rocks and narrow paths

Even through schools of fishes

That’s Astri, I guess she spotted something in the coral. She was also helping me with the photos, whenever she saw something interesting, she called me.

That’s Morgan and Laetitia from France

That’s Raline again, trying to hug a coral.

And that’s me again, thank you Johnny…

Check this out, a car wreck in one of the dive sites. It was a change; you expect some ship wrecks and see a car wreck instead.

That’s Johnny, our dive master and he was the one who kept track of me when I was wandering off to take pictures of everything I saw. Also he helped in controlling my air consumption.

Time to come up!

Took a snap of the dive comp when I was doing my safety stop.

Up up, there you go!

Our boat coming to pick us out!

The diving team! Uh! I miss them already.

That’s Vijay with his summersault from the upper deck to water. We all jumped in to the sea when we were waiting for our air to be refilled. We had all the fun in the water.

We even took some photos under water. That’s Monica and Raline, I am not sure whether they are trying to smile or scream or threaten me there, ha ha.

Finally, after our five dives, we had to pack up and get ready to come back to Singapore.
I don’t know about others, but my mind was stuck in there with the island of Tioman and the underwater world. It was more like a dream, swimming with the fishes and touching the corals with my own hands. (I am pretty sure it’s the same way everyone else felt). Anyway, by 2:00pm, we started our journey back to mainland of Malaysia. During our journey, we filled out our dive log books and I spend some time matching the unknown fishes in my camera with the ones in the books. Then I went out and simply sat on the side of the boat, with my legs touching the waves and enjoying the moments. After we reached Mersing, we took our bus back to Singapore and we reached back around 8pm.
There are still a lot of things for me to learn and practice especially buoyancy control, breath control, proper equalization etc. It was an incredible experience and something that I can cherish for a long long time. I am looking forward for my dive trip for PADI Advanced Diver course soon. Thanks to all my friends for giving me such a good time. Hope we can all dive together soon.